Well, sorta yes and sorta no...
The cast iron A833OD was introduced in '75 on the A-bodies and I may be wrong but I believe it was Slant Six only. The aluminum case came online for the Dart Lite & Feather Duster, both of which were economy-minded /6 models built in '76 (and make great drag cars). The OD was never installed behind a 360, anywhere (no examples have surfaced to date). About mid-year the cast iron piece was phased down and by '77 was gone from production.
"Much more stout" is an overstatement in regards to the strength difference between the cast iron and aluminum cases. The aluminum cases are plenty strong themselves and lots of racers used to use those instead of the MP aluminum case to lighten their cars. The strength issue with the OD is the floating countershaft, which was incorporated to help suppress gear rattle. For lack of better terminology the countershaft flops around in its bores, particularly at the front, which is not the case with any of the close-ratio transmissions (none of which were available in F-bodies). The "muscle" transmission's countershaft was a press-fit in the case. What happens is that under hard acceleration, quick transitions from coast, or hard clutch usage, the countershaft beats the hell out of the case. While it is true that the iron is less likely to deform than the aluminum, it's still a problem. Anyone who's ever taken out a cone-type diff with an ovalled pin bore knows can tell you that Chrysler did not use premium iron in situations where constant direct wear were not an issue. In other words, they didn't use the same iron in the transmission cases that they did in the engine blocks. It wasn't considered necessary when the transmission was designed with the fixed countershaft. When they changed to the floating design, it was not deemed "over-engineered" enough to last behind even the 360-2V and later the 318-4V.
The only difference between the iron OD and the aluminum one is the case material. Everything else is identical, right down to the metallurgy of the gears. The iron case is considered desirable because the countershaft is less likely to deflect, but it's not some magic cure-all. Were an aluminum case to be welded & re-bored so the countershaft was fixed, it would be stronger than the iron case. There is a cure for this, which I plan to have done to the transmission I'll be using in the Imperial. Click
here for details. The article actually makes it look harder than it really is. Read through it a couple of times.
The Passon gearset has absolutely no basis in the original A833OD other than the fact that it uses 3rd gear for the overdrive position. All the gears are new, custom-made pieces using the fixed countershaft design and correcting the other problem true of the original: the miserable gear spacing. First gear is too low to be really useful with a deep gear like a 3.91, which would be otherwise great with that .73:1 overdrive. By design, nothing can be done about "third" gear, since it's actually fourth gear, meaning direct drive (this is the case with Passon's setup too). 3.09, 1.68, 1.00 and .73 does not an ideal transmission make. You need a wide, flat torque curve to not be concerned with the huge drop between gears, particularly 1st to 2nd. 360? Stroker? Not a problem, but if you've got a .550" lift camshaft in a 318 it's probably not going to be an optimum transmission choice.
Strangely enough, that wacky wide gear spacing is about perfect for a turbocharged application... but even then, I'd rather it had a first gear in the mid/high 2:1 range.
At one point I had calculated out the optimum gear for most applications using an A833OD to be a 3.36. It's a tough gear to find, being only used in the 8.75" and only in '60-'61. Barring that ultra-rare find, for most naturally-aspirated engines will be happiest with a 3.21 or 3.23.